Gardening adventures

Wrestling with the great outdoors.

  • Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures,  Ponds,  Rain Catching,  Vegetables

    Midsummer Garden

    When I’m in the garden everyday, I find that I forget that only seven months ago, things looked radically different.  I’ll post some before and now photos below:

    What a difference six months can make!

  • Fruit,  Gardening adventures,  Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures,  Vegan,  Vegetarian

    Pepinos

    They look like white eggplants

    There is an unusual plant in my garden, one that I mistook for a white eggplant.  Indeed, it is from the same Solanum family as eggplant, potatoes and tomatoes.  The plant right now is small and has dark, shiny attractive leaves and flowers that remind you of eggplants.  Then there are the egg-shaped and larger than egg-sized white fruit, which have purple striping.  The plant arrived in my garden via Roger Boddaert, the landscape architect who has been working on my property, and there was no name on it.  My daughter and I speculated on what the plant could be.  A couple of years ago when we were traveling in Ecuador, we were usually served fruit with a sugar syrup for dessert.  One of the fruits served was called a Tree Tomato.  It was a local treat.  It was one of the most god-awful things I’d ever put in my mouth.  Thin, red bitter skin filled entirely with small hard seeds and sour pulp, it was everything we could do to eat enough of it to be polite.  In our research for what this plant was, the Tree Tomato came into mind and we were apprehensive that we were now the owners of a white version of this disgusting fruit.

    We were wonderfully incorrect!  The plant in our yard is called pepino, or Solanum muricatum, or pepino melon, or sweet pepino, it is a South American shrubby plant with incredible sweet fruit.  It is a relative of the Tree Tomato, and that only goes to show how different members of the same family tree can be!  The fruit as it ripens doesn’t become particularly soft; in fact, when it wrinkles it is overripe.  The fragrance of the uncut fruit is marvelous.  When you open the fruit it has a small center of easily scooped small seeds, and flesh that isn’t too soft or too crunch and has a taste of a ripe melon with a hint of fresh cucumber.

    A pleasant fruit with an exotic taste and fragrance

    The scent is intoxicating, and reminded one friend I showed it to of some elusive childhood fragrance.  The perfume is even better than the fruit, but the fruit is wonderful cut up in a fruit salad.  The bush itself is attractive, especially with the egg-like fruit dangling from it.

     

    This small bush can grow up to seven feet tall

    Although pepinos are new to me (I’m always amazed at how many things I don’t know about, even with reading about five books a week and keeping my eyes and ears open in life), they’ve been in San Diego since the late 1800s, and are often grown in greenhouses.  They’ve been eaten in the Andes, Ecuador, Peru and Chili from whence they came for so long as to appear in some artwork.  If you have a spot in your yard for an unusual and highly satisfactory fruit, look for pepino.  The fragrance of the fruit alone is worth it!

     

  • Gardening adventures,  Other Insects,  Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures,  Rain Catching,  Vegan,  Vegetables

    Beginning an Edible Forest Garden

     

    Pumpkins by the chickens

     

    An edible forest garden is a mode of growing that mimicks the relationships between plants in a forest, while substituting food producing plants for humans.  To achieve this, you have to examine what plants grow in forests near you.  Here in San Diego County, we have chapparal communities, along with some pine and oak forests in the mountains.  I cannot replicate a forest such as found in, say, Olympia, because we have completely different climates, soils, and plant interrelationships.  Even for people who live in deserts, you can examine what once was there before the area was a desert, or what plants are in a nearby oasis if you have one.  I’d substitute plants for more desirable ones, such as lemonade berry for its cousin poison oak.  Plants should provide canopy, groundcover, mulch, nitrogen-fixing, and insect attracting.  After these plant guilds mature they will provide fertilizer and moisture for themselves.

    However, most of us are far away from this type of gardening, or just don’t want to go that far.  Integrating your ornamentals with food plants, though, is not radical anymore and entirely practical.  Any nook in your yard can be a place for food producing plants.  Too many squash or tomatoes?  Take them to a local food pantry.

    Melons by a dead lime tree trellis
    A single Cinderella pumpkin vine under an apricot
    Zucchinis make lush bushes

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Watermelons suppressing weeds

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Tomatoes are a vining plant which will use any upright structure on which to climb.

    Can you see the tomato plant? (Its up the palm trunk)

    Is your produce sprouting in the house?  Try planting it instead of composting.  Onions make particularly pretty plants with flowers that attract pollinators and hummingbirds.  You may collect the seed from them as well.  If the produce doesn’t survive, its okay: you’ve just buried compost.

    Plant sprouting produce for ornamentals and to gather seed

    Sweet potatoes are perennial plants that produce swollen rhyzomes rather than swollen roots as other potatoes do.   Plant them where you can dig up some of the roots but leave the main plant to thrive for years, depending on your climate.  Their leaves are beautiful, and the plants are often sold as ornamentals.

    Sweet potatoes have beautiful leaves

    Herbs in the shrubs, strawberries in the flowers, and melon and squash under the trees all make for a beautiful edible landscape that will provide food, compost, mulch and habitat while you study up for your edible forest garden.

    Strawberries with yarrow

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Apple mint attracts pollinators and is good on fruit

     

    Passionvines are a host plant for Gulf Fritillary butterflies

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Hops are vigorous, tall vines for brewing and sleep pillows

     

     

    Grapes will hide a chain link fence

     

     

     

     

     

  • Gardening adventures,  Heirloom Plants,  Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures,  Vegan,  Vegetables,  Vegetarian

    Scarlet Runner Beans, A Perennial Bean for Food and Beauty

    Scarlet Runner Bean Seeds

    Scarlet runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) are beautiful plants that are easy to grow, and are often grown just for their red flowers.

    Use taller stakes than I did!

    A trellis or 8-10′ pole is necessary because the vines wind their way up high.

    Eat green beans when small

    They produce a broad bean that can be eaten very young when green, or allowed to dry and the seeds harvested for storing and cooking later.

    Shell the pods to store in a dark, cool place

    The seeds are a spectacular purple and black, making this whole plant ornamental.  Cook the seeds before eating them.

    Beautiful purple and black seeds

    The entire plant is also edible, including the starchy roots. The flowers and young tendrils dress up a salad.  Although the vine will die down for the winter, the roots will live on in areas where they won’t receive heavy frost.  They are native to many places in South America and have been harvested for hundreds of years.  This is a perennial bean which will live about six years with care.  It is also a nitrogen-fixer, which is excellent for your soil. How fantastic is that?

  • Gardening adventures,  Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures,  Recipes,  Vegan,  Vegetables,  Vegetarian

    Kale Chips

    Purple kale

    You may have heard about these already; they seem to be a new fad food.  Pieces of kale rubbed with oil and seasonings and dried until crispy.  Well, we love to dry things in pans on our roof in the summer, so we thought we’d try them.  Part of our mixed salad greens seed mix turned out to be this very pretty purple kale, and I figured that chips were meant to be.  So we

    Tear into pieces and rub with oil

    then left them on the roof to dry.  We were also playing around with zucchini chips, Swiss chard chips, and just about anything we could stick up there in the brilliant sunshine.

    Place on drying tray

    The chips toasted in only about three hours.  They were very crisp and dark, and had reduced in size by about a third.  The first one had a wierd taste to it.  The second one… and we were hooked!  We crunched down several trays of them and one go.  They are extremely nutritious, with calcium and folic acid among other things.  We tried a more complicated recipe as well involving nutritional yeast, but it didn’t do anything special for me.  The dried chard and zucchinis weren’t show-stoppers, either.

    I also sauteed de-stemmed kale and it came out so creamy tasting with none of the bitterness that chard has, that it is now my favorite cooked green.

    Dried kale can also be ground into a powder or flakes and used to top vegetables and grains for flavor, nutrition and color.  If you use kelp flakes at all, you can substitute dried flaked kale.

    Sun-Dried Kale Chips
    Author: 
    Recipe type: Snack
     
    This basic recipe is all over the Internet and produces the best results
    Ingredients
    • At least one bunch kale
    • Olive oil
    • Salt (optional)
    • Sunshine
    Instructions
    1. Tear kale leaves into chip-sized pieces without the midribs
    2. Put torn leaves into a bowl.
    3. Drizzle with olive oil and sprinkle with salt.
    4. Gently work the oil into the leaves so that each leaf is covered.
    5. Place on cookie tins closely but not overlapping.
    6. Place a piece of cheesecloth or a metal cooling rack over the kale to keep it from blowing away.
    7. Place cookie sheet in full sun for about three hours or longer.
    8. Eat!

    So finally a fad that I can believe in!

  • Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures

    Segregating the Rooster, or Building a Bachelor’s Quarters out of PVC

    Bachelor Pad

    If you’ve read my earlier chicken posts, you’ll know that we bought seven hen chicks, and one of them turned into a rooster.  Since we are vegetarians and animal activists (and just plain softies), I opted to try and keep him. I don’t want fertile eggs or chicks. So far the neighbors haven’t complained about the crowing and I kind of like it.  The store from whence he came said that they’d give a refund, but Emerson (the rooster) would end up as an employee’s dinner or in the dumpster.   Squawk!  I contacted my very amenable and patient vet Dr. Pyne about ‘fixing’ him, which I found out is what capons are (which was common practice up until fairly recently, and capons were often used to sit on eggs because they were calmer than the hens.  Hmmm.), but since the rooster’s, um, or-gans, are internal, this would be an involved surgery and we left it at that (he’s fixed feral cats for me, helped my tortoise, many dogs… I wish he could be my personal doctor because I’d get better treatment there!).

    Since E-Day (Egg Day) is coming up in August, when the six hens will be old enough to start laying, and since Emerson has become more aggressive with them, and since the chicken tractor is too small for that many chickens anyway, I decided to add on.  I am terrible at measuring things.  I do just as good a job eyeballing a length or walking a thing off and counting my foot lengths as I do with yardsticks or measuring tape.  I have an interesting set of curtains as proof of this. No matter how I try, and how clear-headed I am with the numbers, I get it wrong.  If I am to build a thing, I have to start with pre-measured lengths and not cut them. About fifteen years ago I built a very respectable movable chicken coop that way, using 2x4x8’s, a lot of chicken wire, screws and piano casters. I didn’t cut any wood.  However that had to be dismantled when we moved and I used the wood for other projects.

    Facinated Audience

    If something bends or stretches, now, hoo-boy that’s a whole ‘nother story!  I’m all over it!  So today my ever-patient and forgiving daughter and I stood out in the blazing sun for a good eight hours and glued together a chicken coop extension made of leftover 3/4 inch PVC water pipe!  My sketch, of course, was on the back of some unopened junk mail, but I only had to run to the hardware store once in the middle of the day for some extra fittings.  Much as I don’t want to contribute any more to the manufacturing of plastic, I had all this pipe leftover so I’m recycling.  The coop is a rectangle divided in half lengthwise with chicken wire, so half of it becomes a bachelor quarters for Emerson, and the other half an extended run for the hens.  They will access it through a hole cut into the wire on the side of their coop, and they can keep company with Emerson on two sides of the coop without being, um, disturbed.  Emerson isn’t going to be very happy about it, but we  certainly didn’t ask him to be a rooster, either!   In fact, he was the smallest and least-aggressive looking chick in the bunch.

    The door was made of 1/2 inch PVC

    PVC is fun to glue; it bends and is forgiving, and if it is a little off, on a project like this, it’s okay!  If anyone ever asked me what kind of fingernail polish I use, I’d have to say Red Hot Blue Glue.  Working with wire is another story. I believe that all  discontented former employees, people with grudges who believe that the world is either out to get them or owes them more than what they have, all work at poultry wire companies.  Rolls of wire are treacherous and evil.  When you uncoil the thin wire that binds each roll of tightly wound chicken wire (or any other, for that matter), the roll slips and tries to nip off your fingers.  The outer edge is raggedly folded under, and the cut ends poke out at angles so as to scratch you and draw blood no matter how careful you are.  As you reach the end of the roll it requires almost superhuman strength to unroll, and if you are working alone it will recoil with a snap that can take you up with it.  Any work with poultry wire, no matter how innocent, ends in several copiously bleeding scratches and possible loss of limb.

    Framed!

    By seven o’clock tonight, we’d finished his side enough to move him in.  My daughter went to catch him and boy did he put up a fuss, making all the girls panic.  You’d think we’d tortured him every day since his second day on earth instead of treating him as a pet.  Perhaps I should put a photo of a dumpster or a stewpot up in his quarters just to make him reconsider his behavior.

    Wire around all sides

    So tonight Emerson is separated.  The girls were very concerned and he looked confused, but they share a wall at night and can plainly see each other.  He has a roost near theirs, too.  We didn’t get the girl’s side attached yet, and we need more chicken wire for their roof (we wired a tarp over it temporarily).  I’ve also decided that I will put wire on the bottom as well.  The PVC is lightweight and I’m afraid of raccoons getting under it.  I could always put it on small wheels and make a chicken tractor out of it, or fill the entire thing with water to make it heavier!  Or not.

    I point out to my daughter constantly that other people are at the beach, or doing some typical summer activity, while we glue a coop, cob an oven, trim nails on our cat… all of which draw blood, come to think of it.  The chickens are laughing.

  • Dessert,  Fruit,  Gardening adventures,  Recipes,  Sweet Decorations,  Vegan,  Vegetarian

    Candying Kumquats

     

    An army of kumquat halves

    We have two small but prolific kumquat trees.  Kumquats are very small citrus that are tart and sweet at the same time, and you eat the skin and all whole.  Kind of scary.  Not wanting to waste food, my daughter picked a whole batch of them and was determined to juice them.  And she did, one tiny half at a time!  There was about half a cup of juice in all, which she froze in plastic butter molds for future use in drinks, etc.

    De-pithed kumquat shells

    Then we had all these little half shells, so she carefully scraped the pith out of all of them and candied them.  The idea was to make little candied shells in which we’d put little scoops of vanilla ice cream, lemon sherbet, or something yum.  We tried a couple with homemade vanilla ice cream, and it was worth all the work.

    Cooking kumquats in simple syrup

    The kumquats needed to dry round, like little bowls, so I picked some more kumquats (yes, there are still more!), halved them and used them as molds for the shells, which were put onto the halves like little hats.

    Using kumquat halves as molds for shells

    All the split ones were set aside, and then everything was sugared and dried.  Several years ago we candied orange and lemon peel and I pulled some out of the bags now and then for use in baked goods.  Now we have candied kumquat peels and shells.

    Sugaring the peels and letting them dry

    But we still had all those kumquat halves that we’d used as molds.  We also had half a saucepan of simple syrup in which the kumquats had been cooked.  So, not wanting to waste, we put the kumquat halves into the syrup and boiled it again until the halves were candied and then I put them in jars and sealed them.  I’m not sure what I’m going to do with them, but they can be used to decorate desserts.

    Candied kumquat preserves in syrup

    I also had another ginger beer recipe that called for slicing the ginger, cooking the slices in a sugar and water mixture until reduced, then using the liquid as a base for a ginger drink.  The slices could then be sugared and dried and eaten.  I keep candied ginger from Trader Joe’s in the car to snack on, because ginger helps with car sickness or an upset stomach.  These homemade ginger slices were quite hot, so I think I’ll save them to use in cakes and pies instead.

    Stored candied kumquat shells and peels

    So it was a day of sugaring, preserving and messing about in the kitchen.  We now have seven quarts of pickles, a couple of bags of dried kale that is not only good to munch on, but great to crumble over rice or noodles, jars of candied kumquats, a jar of sugared kumquat peel, a bag of candied ginger slices, some miscellaneous jam, and lots of zucchini with more to come!

  • Gardening adventures,  Humor,  Photos

    Dutchman’s Pipe

    Vigorous Vines

    There are a few very peculiar specimens in my garden, thanks to Roger Boddaert.  They have nothing to do with edible forest gardens, drought tolerant plants or permaculture.  They simply are fun.  One of which is the Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia), named that because it’s very odd buds look something like… well… the pipe a Dutchman might smoke, I’m guessing. I’m thinking that the Dutchman was either blind or drinking heavily to put something that looked like this in his mouth!  Another less imaginative name for this variety is Calico Flower.  They look like hanging squash when they are immature.

    Many buds waiting to open

    There are many varieties of this vigorous vine, each having different sized flowers.  Mine has flowers in Summer and Fall, and they are sizable.

    Flower Opening

    The vines can grow 30 feet high, and the plant can easily cover the side of a house.  They originate in the Southern United States, preferring moist soil.

    Flower opening more

    This is the larval host plant for the blue and black pipevine swallowtail butterfly, which don’t migrate this far west.  Perhaps something else will find it useful.

    Opened flower is flat

    The flower develops as a miniature version of its large self, and then continues to grow into these sack-like buds.  When ready, they fold open to become flat, with the seed pod in the back.  The flowers catch the wind and twist on their stems like decorations.  Or like those things in the original Star Trek that flew across the cave and attached themselves to Spock’s back.  So another fun and kind of creepy plant, which will provide shade, food for butterflies, and a lot of conversation starting.  Gotta love it!

    The one on the right is laughing!

     

  • Gardening adventures,  Humor,  Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures,  Vegetables

    Zucchini

    I have four vigorous zucchini plants.  Why four?  Because in winter with a lap full of comforter and gardening catalogs, the January eye peers back at July’s garden and the plants are smaller, the harvest never enough.  What if something happens to one spindly seedling?  Then there would be no zucchini, and summer without it just wouldn’t be the same.  So four tiny sprouts went into the ground and four large plants are what I have.  The zucchini harvest began several weeks ago.  My daughter and I have happily eaten sauteed zucchini, seared zucchini, broiled zucchini and have even made sun-dried zucchini chips.  It has been too hot to make Rosemary Zucchini Soup (see my recipe section). Zucchini bread uses far too little zucchini for the amount of calories it contains.  The problem with zucchini recipes is that they use far too little zucchini!  Zucchini has many health benefits, and is low-calorie, versitile, and is the butt of many summer-harvest jokes.  I say this while considering who I know that I might unload some of the harvest upon.

    Zucchini Chips ready to sun-dry on the roof

    We’ve both been harvesting under the enormous leaves this year’s zucchini plants have produced, and have kept up with it with few surprises.  Until today.

    In summer the days can run into each other with a speed that is breathtaking.  We’d gone two days without checking.  Then this morning after a second morning of trying to teach our old dog General the new trick of not hunting the chickens, which we were allowing out of their coop, we were on our way back to the house.  It was hot already, the morning mist having burned off  as if with an acetyline torch.  My daughter carried strawberries in her hat and I was headed up to water stressed plants stranded without irrigation.  Then I caught a glimpse of something along the edge of the raised bed.  It was green.  It was wedged against the corner and pressing against the edge of the wooden end.  It was trying to break free.  Trembling and exchanging fearsome glances with my daughter, I lifted a spiny leaf:  There lay a six-pound zucchini.

    This might not impress you.  Perhaps you’ve recklessly gone on a summer vacation and forgot to mention to your neighbors that they should keep a cool eye on the big plant in the veg bed, and returned to find a green Moby Dick sucking up all the water in the garden.  Perhaps you know already that the world’s record zucchini weighed 65 pounds.  The world’s longest was 69.5 inches long, which is 6 and a half inches taller than I.  Yet to find a six pounder trying to break down my much-cherished raised bed was something of a shock, especially when there was only a two-day gap between checking.  This zucchini is only slightly less weight than my daughter at birth.  Yet, I feel strangely deprived of maternal instincts toward it.

    Big Zucchini

     

    How luxurious it is to complain about too much food.  I’ll make steaks out of this big one, and perhaps donate the smaller ones to the Fallbrook Food Pantry.  And begin to harvest the squash blossoms more vigorously!

     

  • Animals,  Bees,  Birding,  Other Insects,  Permaculture and Edible Forest Gardening Adventures

    The Importance of Leaving a Mess

    Animal tunnels through a brush pile

    A clean yard is usually a pleasing sight.  Picking up loose boards, plywood, sticks and logs keeps people from tripping, is encouraged by the fire department to reduce fuel for fires, and makes for more room to walk.  Also, things live under debris and we’ve always been told to not poke our fingers into dark places (excellent advice!  If a giant stuck his huge finger into our bedroom window we’d try to hurt it to make it go away, too!), and by eliminating so-called debris we reduce the chance of bites by snakes, spiders, or whatever bitey things may be living in your part of the world.

    However, by reducing the debris, we also reduce habitat. Those bitey creatures need a place to live, as do the non-bitey creatures we are also displacing by removing wood.  All these creatures are part of the intensely woven food web that keeps our planet populated and working.  I cannot disagree about making your yard safe for children and pets, but if you have a space, make an area for habitat, too.  Rope off a corner of your yard and tell your children and pets not to go into there, and leave bundles of sticks, pieces of plywood, old logs, piles of leaves, etc. in that corner.  This is a home for the wild things, and your children can understand, observe and respect the fact that the world should not be made clean for them.  Teach your children not to hunt and catch wild things, not to tear apart nests and destroy habitat.  Observe and wonder instead.

    In my yard, especially since I’ve had some sheds removed (in which racoons, wasps and possums raised families… I’m hoping to make a new place for them), I have stacks of plywood and old buidling materials which are good for recycling back into projects around my house.  A junkheap, yes; a goldmine, yep.  Under these stacks I have found such wonderful creatures that I didn’t even know came into my yard (perhaps they didn’t until the wood was left out).

    The most exciting creature was a female Western pond turtle.

    Female Western Pond Turtle

    In Washington, the Western pond turtles are endangered, and they are considered threatened in Oregon and are becoming rare in California and Baja California.  Besides loss of habitat and an increase in pollution, one of the major factors in our native turtle’s slow demise is the release of non-native aggressive species such as the red-eared slider turtles.  Red-eared sliders are America’s favorite pet turtle although they are native to the Southern United States.  Due to releases they are everywhere.  DO NOT RELEASE YOUR PET INTO THE WILD!  As much harm has been done by and to domestic animals and wild animals by the releasing of pets as by habitat loss.  A number of years ago there was a salmonella scare allegedly traced to pet turtles. The public’s response was to dump their children’s turtles in any waterway close by.   Red-eared sliders have a distinctive red line by their eyes, and are named sliders because that family of semi-aquatic turtle can slide into the water quickly.  They are omnivorous, aggressive, adaptable and become large.  They eat anything that they can fit into their mouths, including the less aggressive smaller Western pond turtles.

    Females have flat plasterons; notice her left stumpy leg.

    Finding a female Western pond turtle in the yard was fantastic, and I can only surmise that she had made her way up from the shallow streambed below the property to hopefully lay eggs.  I haven’t found signs of a disturbed area yet where she may have layed, but am keeping the whole area protected just in case.

    Long tails

    She is missing one front foot, probably bitten off while a youngster when something was trying to eat her.  Before we knew she was a she, we thought of giving him a piratey name due to the missing foot and her semi-aquatic nature.  Captain Blood was too fierce, but the author of that and other swashbuckling tales which had been made into movies is Raphael Sabatini.  Now that is a terrific name.  Go ahead and say it to yourself.  See?  So he became Raphael Sabatini until we checked her plasteron (the underside of her shell) and realized that it was flat not concave, which meant that she was a female.  Males need concave plasterons so that when they are, um, amorous, they don’t fall off so easily.  So she became Mrs. Sabatini.  Long story… sorry.  Nothing simple in my life.  Anyway, we checked out Mrs. Sabatini’s health, and then released her into our small upper pond, which has an excess of mosquito fish and bugs, so that she wouldn’t be hurt with all the work that is being done down where she was found.  We haven’t seen her since, so hopefully she is healthy and happy.

    Good-bye Mrs. Sabatini!

     

    Under another piece of plywood I’ve found blue-tailed skinks (I couldn’t take a photo because they move too quickly), California Slender Salamanders,

    California Slender Salamander

    gopher snakes, king snakes,

    California Kingsnake

     

    and Pacific chorus frogs.

    In a brush pile there are many birds hopping through, especially California towhees, Western fence lizards,  alligator lizards, tree rats, mice and many other creatures.

    In the ground are insects that you’d never expect.  For instance while weeding one of my heirloom bulb beds I disturbed this huge caterpiller that had a horn tail.

    White-lined Sphinx Moth Caterpiller

    The only horn tails that I’m familiar with are the tomato hornworms, but this guy was far away from my veggie patch, and instead of stripes had spots.  We looked him up, and he is the caterpiller form of the White-Lined Sphinx Moth, also known as the hummingbird moth because of the way it hovers in front of night-blooming flowers to drink nectar.  It is one of the important nighttime pollinators which few ever see.  We put him back and left some weeds in for him.

    Of course mason bees, among other pollinators, use holes in wood in which to nest.  Some bumblebees nest in abandoned gopher holes, and they are the natural pollinators of many native North American plants such as blueberries (honeybees were imported from Europe with white settlers; until then native plants developed their flowers to attract and accomidate bumblebees, wasps, and hundreds of other native insects.)

    All around my property there are logs and brush piles, and plywood layed down to choke out weeds in my veggie garden.  Underneath there is a world of habitat.  Isolated refuges for animals and insects who desperately need places to feel safe.  So go ahead, throw down some mulch, some logs, a pile of sticks or some plywood.  Know that you are doing the Earth a favor.